Putting Down Roots - Trees - Deciduous Trees

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3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES

Bald Cypress
Taxodium distichum

Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 100
Variable
Moderate to fast
Full sun only
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Round woody cone, about 1½ inch diameter
Medium green, bronze in fall


Unique in its appearance, the Bald Cypress is a model of grace and endurance. Along with its massive size, other considerations should be made before choosing the proper location for this special tree. Although the Bald Cypress is native to swamplands, it will tolerate a wide range of conditions, and will even tolerate short periods of drought. In response to long periods of drought, it will completely defoliate. However, this tree is amazingly resilient, and will leaf out when adequate moisture returns. Since the Bald Cypress is so adaptable to growing in conditions ranging from excessive moisture to drought, our tight clay soils are not a challenge. Bald Cypress are often planted around water, as a street tree, or in a park setting. This unique tree has special adaptations to living in wet environments; knobby projections called "knees" may form at the base of the trunk. These formations often occur when the tree is planted in or near water, but can occur anywhere that moisture is ample. Some say the knees add to the distinctive character of this tree.

It is one of the few coniferous trees that is deciduous. A highlight in the landscape, this tree has a pyramidal form and feathery leaves that add to its appeal. After turning bronze in the fall, the lacy leaves will drop and cover the ground with a rust-color carpet in the winter and then decompose quickly.

Bald Cypress is very seedling variable, meaning offspring may not necessarily perform in the same manner as the parent. A close relative to the Bald Cypress is Pond Cypress (Taxodium ascendans), which is similar in character, except the Pond Cypress reaches 50 to 60 feet in height and has a narrower crown.



Cottonless Cottonwood
Populus deltoides 'Cottonless'


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES




Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:

Color:


80 to 100
40 to 60
Fast
Sun
Male and female on separate trees (not showy)
Female trees produce cotton-like mass containing many small
seeds (recommend male trees)
Deep green, bright yellow in fall


Cottonwood trees are native to areas of considerable moisture, such as stream banks and river bottoms. Although they are not drought resistant, they will tolerate dry conditions for a short period. The Cottonwood is a majestic, massive tree with aesthetic appeal. Its leaves are attached on long, limber stems that allow them to flutter in the wind, creating an audible effect.

The rapid growth rate of this tree lends itself to the propagation of soft, weak wood, which can be a host to borers and other organisms. The tree's rapid growth is accompanied by a massive fibrous root system. These voracious roots may plug or damage drains, and interfere with turf development. The female Cottonwood releases masses of cottony seeds that can become a maintenance problem. To ensure a Cottonless Cottonwood, a male tree must be specified. However, male trees produce pollen that has been known to aggravate allergies. This tree is not for urban sites, but is a splendid choice in open areas where a short-lived, grand specimen is desired.

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES


Ginkgo or Maidenhair Tree
Ginkgo biloba


Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:

Color:


80 to 100
Variable
Slow
Sun
Male and female on separate trees (not showy)
One inch diameter, foul smelling fruits (female trees should be avoided)
Medium green, golden yellow in fall


The Ginkgo is one of the oldest living tree species. Individual ginkgo trees have been documented to live for over 1,000 years. In China, extracts of the ginkgo tree have been used for over 5,000 years as a remedy for various ailments, and have recently come to be used widely in the West. Apart from its merit as a medicinal tree, the Ginkgo is not for general use. Its slow growth rate is often a deterrent when selecting a large tree for the urban setting. Due to the messy nature and disagreeable smell of the fruits produced by females, male trees are recommended. However, males are grafted in a nursery, often increasing the cost of this tree.

The Ginkgo is unique; not only for the distinct fan-shape of its leaves or incredible lifespan, but also in its classification. Although more like a conifer than a broadleaf deciduous tree, the Ginkgo is neither. In recent years, it has been placed in a separate group of its own.

Because the Ginkgo tolerates a wide range of urban conditions, including ozone and sulphur dioxide pollution, elevated levels of carbon dioxide, fire, smoke, heat, and confined root systems, theoretically it is an ideal street tree. Its durable wood is resistant to breakage from ice and harsh winds. It is particularly resistant to insect pests as well as fungal and bacterial diseases, therefore rarely requires spraying. However, this tree suffers in poor soils where moisture is limited. It is planted as a shade tree in parks and it establishes well in gardens. When planted in the proper environment, it is a stately and remarkable tree.

Male Cultivars: 'Princeton Gold', 'Princeton Sentry', 'Autumn Gold', 'Pendula'


Hackberry
Celtis occidentalis


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 90
30 to 40
Moderate
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Small purple-black berries in summer
Medium to dark green, pale yellow in fall


Of considerable merit for its endurance and tolerance to a wide range of conditions, this tree is a good selection for general planting. It is resistant to wind, drought and moisture. The hackberry is a durable, low-maintenance tree that provides abundant shade. Fruits can be messy when dropped on pavement or sidewalks. Volunteer trees can also be a problem, so be sure to select a location that will maximize this hardy tree’s impact while minimizing maintenance. A close relative to the Hackberry is the Sugarberry, which is thought to be a superior tree. However, there is arguably no tougher tree to survive Oklahoma’s drought or extreme temperature fluctuations than the Hackberry.

A notable characteristic of the tree is the unusual, coarse texture of its mature bark, often covered with numerous warty knots. Also adding to the character of the tree is its tendency to develop leaf gall (small protrusions caused my mites) and "Witches Broom," a pest that causes young branches to grow in clusters. Neither of these pests adversely affects the health of the tree; however, some consider the tree’s response to them unattractive. Fortunately, the 'Prairie Pride' cultivar, which is resistant to "Witches Broom," is available.

Other Cultivars: 'Chicagoland, ‘Delta’, ‘Windy City’

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES


Thornless Honeylocust
Gleditsia triacanthos


Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 80
30 to 50
Moderate to fast
Sun
Male and female on separate trees (not showy)
Long, flat seedpods (female trees should be avoided)
Medium green, yellow in fall


Although the Honeylocust is native to rich streambeds in the eastern U.S., it is extremely versatile, adapting to extreme conditions from drought to moisture, alkaline to acid soils. Although it may be one of the more adaptable native trees, it has not proven to be an extremely long-lived tree, only surviving up to 30 years in the urban environment. It may suffer from many insect problems along with canker and root rot. The Honeylocust is often used in shelterbelts and windbreaks due to this tolerance of very poor soils and harsh environments.

There are aesthetic merits to this tree, such as its lacy-textured leaves and peeling bark. Because the feathery compound leaves cast filtered shade, shrubs and turf may be grown beneath the Honeylocust's canopy. After the display of yellow fall color, the leaves decompose rapidly after falling. To be noted, the female Honeylocust produces large flat seedpods that add to the tree's bad reputation for litter. In addition, the wood of this tree may be brittle and weak, causing it to be somewhat messy. Improved species of the Honeylocust exist that should be used over the parent plant. 'Skyline' and 'Shademaster' are two cultivars that are both thornless and male.

Other Cultivars: 'Inermis', 'Moriane', 'Sunburst', 'Ruby Lace'


Kentucky Coffee Tree
Gymnocladus dioica


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:

Color:


60 to 80
30 to 50
Moderate
Sun
Male and female on separate trees (not showy)
Large seedpods, remaining on tree into winter, seeds and pulp slightly poisonous (recommend male trees)
Medium gray-green, yellow in fall


The Kentucky Coffee Tree is a durable, rugged tree with a beautiful, delicate appearance. This tree grows native in the rich soils of the bottomlands of the Midwest, yet also tolerates the poorest soil conditions. The compound leaf and small leaflets cast a loose, filtered shade, making the understory of this tree an ideal place for shrubs and turf.

Further merits of this tree include durable wood, attractive form, picturesque winter silhouette, and unusual color and texture. Female trees produce large seedpods that remain on the tree into the winter months. The seeds and pith of the fruits can be slightly poisonous, and have been known to leech toxins into sources of water from which livestock or other animals may drink. Therefore, male trees are recommended.

Cultivars: 'Espresso', Prairie Titan® ('J.C. McDaniel'), 'Stately Manor', 'Variegatus'


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES


Greenspire Linden
Tilia cordata 'Greenspire'



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 80
20 to 40
Fast
Sun
Fragrant yellow / white in clusters (not showy)
Small round gray-green fruits maturing in fall
Deep green, yellow in fall


Also called the Littleleaf Linden, this pyramidal tree is reminiscent of the Pin Oak in form and texture, but lacks the sensitivity to soil alkalinity. It is said that this species is tolerant to urban conditions and pollution in addition to poor soils. However, it doesn’t react well to over-watering, and one must be careful not to plant the Linden in tight clay soils, which may retain too much moisture for this species of tree. As most trees, the Greenspire Linden prefers well-drained soils.

If soil and moisture requirements are met, the Greenspire Linden is a decent street tree. More often, this tree is planted as a shade tree in parks or other urban areas. The dense foliage of the Greenspire Linden provides ample shade, and obtains a beautiful yellow color in the fall. It does not produce messy fruits, and the blooms exude a sweet fragrance in the summer, often attracting bees, butterflies and other nectar-loving insects. Although relatively maintenance free, occasional corrective pruning is required due to its rapid growth rate and soft, brittle wood.

Other Cultivars: ‘Bicentennial’, ‘Bohlje’ (‘Erecta’), ‘Chancellor’, ‘Corinthian’, ‘DeGroot’, ‘Fairview’, ‘Firecracker’, ‘Glenleven’, ‘Golden Cascade’, ‘Green Globe’, ‘Handsworth’, ‘June Bride’, ‘Morden’, ‘Norlin’, ‘Olympic’, ‘Pendula Nana’, ‘Prestige’, ‘Rancho’, ‘Salem’, Shamrock® (‘Baileyi’), ‘Swedish Upright’, ‘Turesi’ (‘Turesii’)


London Planetree
Platanus x acerifolia


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


80 to 100
100 to 125
Fast
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)Conglomerate of cottony seeds in 1½ inch
balls, two or more on a single stem, dropping in late spring
Medium green, coppery fall color


Often mistaken for the Sycamore, the London Planetree is a hybrid between the American Planetree and the European Sycamore. This species is resistant to a common disease of Sycamores called Anthracnose. Similar in appearance and adaptability to the Sycamore, the London Planetree is slightly smaller, and has two fruits per stem in comparison to one. The fruits of the London Planetree can be rather messy, as well as its leaves and peeling bark, which do not disintegrate easily. Ironically, these features of the tree contribute to its appeal.

Massive in size and reach, the mature London Planetree develops multi-colored peeling bark, revealing tones of green, silver and brown. The sizeable leaves fragment light into a sun-dabbled shade that is ideal for shade-loving plants. As long as this tree is planted in a location with ample moisture at the roots, it will tolerate moderately poor soils and drying winds. However, this tree is not for every site. It should be planted in areas where there is sufficient space to accommodate its enormous stature.

Cultivars: ‘‘Bloodgood’, ‘Columbia’, ‘Liberty’, ‘Mirkovec’, ‘Saratoga 86-336-C, 'Yarwood’

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES


Bur Oak
Quercus macrocarpa


Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 80
30 to 50
Slow to moderate
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Large acorn up to two inches in diameter
Deep green, dull yellow-brown in fall


The Bur Oak is one of the most tolerant of its species to the unpredictable and sometimes harsh climate in central Oklahoma. Requiring more care in its youth, once established, the Bur Oak develops into a strong, durable tree that can tolerate dry, poor soils and periods of drought. Its coarse texture and immense scale can create a challenge in finding the right location for this tree in the urban environment.

The acorns produced by this species are rather large and quite textured. This tree would not be suitable for dense pedestrian areas, where the fruits could be a nuisance. As with many dense shade trees, it can be a challenge to maintain plantings beneath their canopies. Proper maintenance, care, and pruning should be provided throughout the life of the tree to ensure health of the tree and its surrounding landscape.



Chinquapin Oak
Quercus muehlenbergii


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


30 to 60
20 to 40
Slow to moderate
Sun
Male and female on same tree
Small acorn, about ½ inch diameter
Deep green, deep red / orange-yellow / brown in fall


Belonging to the White Oak group, the Chinquapin Oak has an unusually shaped leaf - dark glossy green on the surface, and silvery white beneath. Unlike a typical oak leaf, this leaf has a distinct saw-tooth margin, which makes it easy to distinguish this oak from others of its species. Its distinct low-branching form and heavily cracked, fissured bark add to its unique character. Spring brings about the display of the male catkin, a delicate pendulous spike of flowers.

Although it tolerates drought and harsh exposure, this species of oak prefers well-drained soils, unlike the heavy native clay soils in parts of central Oklahoma. It is recommended that a soil test be performed before planting this tree to ensure the soil meets the tree’s requirements. If the site is suitable, the Chinquapin Oak adds texture and character to the landscape, and produces a good-quality acorn.

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES


Shumard Oak
Quercus shumardii


Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 80
50 to 60
Moderate to fast
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Acorn about one inch long, ½ to one inch in diameter, maturing in second season
Dark green, red / orange in fall


Similar to the Northern Red Oak in form and detail, the Shumard is a wonderful substitution that tolerates a wider range of conditions. This tree is accustomed to wet environments, and will tolerate heavy, clay soils and restricted root systems better than most oaks. Not only is this species tolerant of urban conditions and drought, it can tolerate a wide range of soil pH.

These characteristics make this tree an excellent street tree, shade tree or specimen plant, however the litter from the acorns can be a nuisance in pedestrian areas on sidewalks. It grows rapidly to a large, long-lived, widespreading shade tree with durable wood and brilliant orange to red fall color.



Water Oak
Quercus nigra


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


60 to 100
50 to 60
Fast
Sun to part shade
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Small acorn, about ½ inch diameter, dropping in fall
Deep green, green fall color, brown leaves remain on tree in winter


Sometimes called possum oak or spotted oak, the Water Oak is another oak species with a distinct leaf. The leaf is a smooth-margined club shape with a glossy green surface. In more temperate regions, the leaves maintain coloration through the winter whereas in our region, they turn a dull brown in the fall. This medium-sized, rapid-growing specimen is often planted widely as a street and shade tree in southern communities; however, the Water Oak is highly susceptible to air pollution and is often seen in a chlorotic condition from high pH.

Indigenous to southeastern watercourses and lowlands, the Water Oak tolerates wet conditions, as well as compacted soils. However, when planted on low flats with poorly drained clay soils, tree form and quality are poor. In an excessively wet environment, the tree develops weak wood, and a spindly form due to a rapid growth rate. Stronger wood and a more rounded crown are developed from a slower growth rate when this tree is planted in moderate soils, such as those found in the lower Great Plains states. It has proven fairly easy to grow, but difficult to transplant. Overall, this broadcanopied tree can be grown in a wide range of sites, and should be planted more, providing growing conditions are favorable.

3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES


Fruitless Sweetgum
Liquidambar styraciflua 'Rotundiloba'



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


80 to 100
40 to 60
Moderate to fast
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Round spiny seed encasement, 1½ inches
in diameter on female trees (recommend fruitless male varieties)
Deep green, yellow/orange/red/purple in fall


An excellent tree for its outstanding fall color, the Fruitless Sweetgum is a moderately fast-growing tree with durable wood and a dignified pyramidal form. Unfortunately, this tree is not for every site. This species requires a good soil quality with considerable moisture, and does not tolerate periods of drought. It is a good specimen to be planted around water features, along streams and other areas of considerable moisture. Often found in the wild along with the Sweetgum is the Blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), also known as the Sourgum. Also preferring moist soils, the Blackgum provides better fall color than the Sweetgum, but is slightly harder to grow.

The wood of the Sweetgum is moderate in strength, and may break under the strain of ice, or from intense winds. The dense shade cast by this tree may impede the growth of grass and understory plantings. In conjunction with the difficulty of maintaining turf under the canopy of the tree, roots of the Sweetgum may surface, which may pose maintenance and safety concerns. The female Sweetgum will produce a hard, spiny fruit that is painful to step on barefooted, and can quickly dull or damage lawnmower blades. For this reason, the fruitless variety is recommended for urban areas. Proper site selection is key to ensuring the health and vitality of the tree, and providing satisfaction to its owner.


Japanese Zelkova
Zelkova serrata


3.1.1:LARGE DECIDUOUS TREES




Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
30 to 40
Moderate to fast
Sun
Small blooms in spring (not showy)
¼ inch twin seed, hinged in middle (similar to Elm seeds)
Medium green, yellow / light red in fall


Good for landscape and street tree use, the Japanese Zelkova is tolerant of wind, moderate drought, a wide pH range of soils, and pollution, once established. Its durable wood and attractive bark maintain winter interest. It may be used in urban areas preferably with well-drained, moist, deep, fertile soil, as a lawn tree or in parks. Because of its soil requirements, it is recommended that a soil test be performed before deciding on the Japanese Zelkova. This species is only moderately drought tolerant; therefore, supplemental water may be required, especially during the establishment period. Please note that this tree has not been widely used in the Oklahoma City area, which may present an availability issue.

Sometimes planted as a substitution to the Elm, cultivars of the Japanese Zelkova are resistant to most elm pests including Dutch elm disease and beetles. Cultivars of merit include 'Green Vase' and 'Village Green', both of which need room to develop a wide crown. 'Green Vase' is a fast-growing vaseshaped specimen with upward arching branches. Its fall color is bronze-red. 'Village Green' is a hardy selection, which has a wide and dense canopy with dark green leaves, turning red in the fall. Both cultivars maintain good disease and insect resistance, as well as cold hardiness.

Cultivars: 'Aurea’, 'Autumn Glow’, 'Goblin’, 'Goshiki’, 'Green Veil’, 'Halka’, 'Illinois Hardy’, 'Korean Forms', 'Low Weeper’, 'Parkview’, 'Spring Grove’, 'Variegata’

3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES


River Birch
Betula nigra



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 50
20 to 30
Moderate to Fast
Sun to part shade
Catkins in clusters (not especially showy)
Long, cylindrical catkins in early summer
Dark green, turning bright yellow in fall


The most recognizable characteristic of the River Birch is its two-toned peeling bark. Becoming more furrowed with age, the bark of the tree appears to be curling around the trunk like sheets of paper. This tree is often seen as a multiple-trunk specimen. Along with its attractive yellow fall color, rapid growth rate and non-messy fruits, this tree is a wonderful selection for the urban environment. It will tolerate a wide array of environmental conditions, soil types, and exposure.

The River Birch is native to areas of the eastern U.S. where moisture is abundant, therefore supplemental irrigation may be required in Oklahoma City's region if the tree is not planted in a moisture-rich location. Also to be noted is its tendency to develop iron chlorosis when planted in heavy alkaline soils. Proper site selection is important to ensure the vitality and longevity of this exceptional tree.

Cultivars: Dura-Heat™ (‘BNMTF’), Fox Valley™ (‘Little King’), 'Graceful Arms’, 'Head-Lee Selection', Heritage®, 'Suwanee', Tecumseh Compact™

Note: The Heritage River Birch is a notable cultivar for excellent peeling bark.

LEFT PICTURES

Chinese Pistache
Pistacia chinensis


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 40
20 to 30
Moderate
Sun
Male and female on separate trees (not showy)
Small red drupe turning blue-purple in late fall
Medium to dark green, orange / red in fall


Noted for its seasonal color, the Chinese Pistache displays fall colors of orange, red and crimson rivaling the Sugar Maple. Its medium to finetextured foliage casts a filtered shade. At maturity, its beautifully rounded crown grows very dense, and may screen objects from view. In addition to its rapid growth rate, it is a long-lived, winter hardy shade tree with extremely hard, durable wood. This characteristic helps protect the tree from decay, wind, ice, and vandal injury.

Like most trees, the Chinese Pistache does best in moist, well-drained soils. However, it is remarkably heat and drought resistant, and will tolerate a wide range of conditions - even rocky, highly alkaline, and horribly abused soils. Regarded as one of the most beautiful pest and maintenance-free shade trees for the Southwest, the Chinese Pistache has unlimited potential. It is an exceptional medium-sized ornamental tree that is suitable for residential, commercial, and municipal properties as well as campuses, golf courses, and as a street tree.


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES


Chittamwood
Bumelia lanuginosa


Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 40
20 to 25
Slow
Sun to part shade
Small clusters in summer (not showy)
Small black berries maturing in fall
Deep green, no fall color


Although not commonly planted, this tree is an outstanding small to medium-sized tree for the urban environment. Native to rocky, dry sites with alkaline soils, this tree will grow in remarkably poor conditions. It is tolerant of excessive heat and moderate drought, although growth is slow in these conditions. The Chittamwood will thrive in a fair environment with moist, well-drained soils.

Remarkably strong wood and small thorns covering the bark of this tree lend to its wind and vandal resistance. Adding to the appeal of the Chittamwood, it is resistant to disease and pests. Its small leaves and tidy fruits contribute to the easy maintenance of this tree, and substantiate its use as a street tree.


Lacebark Elm
Ulmus parvifolia


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
30 to 40
Moderate to fast
Sun to part shade
Clusters at base of leaf in fall (not showy)
Green clusters among leaves, turning dark red when mature
Medium to dark green, light yellow in fall


The most characteristic trait of the mature Lacebark Elm is the highly ornamental bark. Noticeable after about ten years, this mottled, finetextured bark reveals gray, green, orange, and brown tones as it flakes irregularly about the trunk. With visual interest throughout the seasons, the Lacebark Elm has attractive fall color and showy bark that maintains interest in the winter months.

Its rapid growth rate, along with its resistance to pests and disease, make this tree suitable for the urban environment. It is also adaptable to a wide range of soil pH. Extremely tolerant of harsh conditions such as poor soil, confined roots, heat, drought, and wind, this tree is an ideal choice for a street tree or used in parking lots. Although this species will perform well in some of the more challenging environments in Oklahoma City, it will grow best in most, well-drained, fertile soils. It should be noted that seeds might germinate in gardens; therefore some maintenance may be required. Hardy throughout Oklahoma, overall this is an excellent disease-free substitute for the American Elm.

Cultivars: Allee (‘Emer II’, Emerald Vase’), Athena® (‘Emer I’, ‘Emerald Isle’), Bosque™ (‘UPMTF’), 'Brea’, 'Burgundy’, 'Catlin’, Central Park Splendor™(‘A. Ross Central Park', 'Aross/Central Park’), 'Chessins’, 'Cork Bark’, 'D.B. Cole’, 'Drake’, 'Dynasty’, 'Ed Wood’, 'Elsmo’, 'Frontier’, 'Garden City Clone', 'Geisha’, 'Glory’, 'Golden Ray’ (‘Golden Rey’), 'Hallelujah’, 'Jade Empress’, 'King’s Choice’, 'Matthew’, 'Milliken’, 'Ohio’, 'Pathfinder’, 'Prairie Shade’, 'Red Fall’ (‘Red’), 'Sempervirens’, 'State Fair’, 'Stone’s Dwarf’, 'The Thinker’, 'True Green’, 'Zettler’

Dwarf Forms (up to 12’ ht.)Great for patios, etc.: ‘Frosty’, ‘Hokkaido’, ‘Seiju’, ‘Yatsubusa’

3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES


Washington Hawthorn
Crataegus phaenopyrum



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


25 to 30
15 to 20
Moderate to fast
Sun to part shade
Showy white flowers in clusters
Small red berries, maturing in fall, lasting into winter
Dark shiny green, orange / red in fall


The Washington Hawthorn is a highly ornamental tree. New leaves emerge reddishcolored, then mature to a dark, glossy green, and finally turn orange to red before dropping in the winter. In the full sun, this tree develops a beautiful rounded form, blooms profusely in the spring, and bears colorful fruits in the fall. As the fruits persist into the winter months, they provide food for birds. When planted in partial shade, bloom and fruit production is reduced.

Like most trees, the Washington Hawthorn prefers a well-drained moisture retentive loamy soil, but will tolerate chalk or heavy clay soils. If well established, it can withstand harsh conditions, such as excessive moisture, drought, and pollution. Due to the weakness of the wood, heavy ice, snow loads, and strong winds may damage this tree. Fortunately, the Washington Hawthorn is highly resistant to the most common pest problem of the Hawthorn family, known as "Cedar Apple Rust." Although resistant, this tree is not immune to the disease. “Rust spots” may develop on the leaves, and although somewhat unsightly, do not pose a threat to the health of the tree or cause defoliation.

Thorns are common to the Hawthorn family, and are no exception with this species - a possible liability in the urban environment. However, thorns do not grow back once pruned. This technique is beneficial for maintaining a lower trunk that is free from sharp thorns that could injure pedestrians. An attractive multi-trunk specimen or single-trunk patio tree, this tree can also be used as a screen border, or can be pruned into a hedge. Used in the proper setting, this spectacular tree provides beauty and interest throughout the seasons.


Japanese Pagoda Tree
Styphnolobium japonicum


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
20 to 40
Fast
Sun
Showy white flowers in clusters 10 to 12 inches long (showy)
Yellow-green seedpod two to three inches long
Medium to dark green on top of leaf, lighter green underneath, yellow fall color


The Japanese Pagoda tree, often called "Chinese Scholar Tree," displays ornamental qualities throughout the seasons. The leaflets mature from bright green to a two-toned dark green, turning yellow in the fall. Pale yellow to creamy white pea-like fragrant flowers hang in long clusters in summer. Attractive fruits resemble a string of beads, and persist into the early winter months.

This tree will tolerate moderate drought, restricted root systems, and air pollution, and can be grown in a wide range of moisture and atmospheric conditions, providing the soil quality is fair to good. Severe winter cold may cause injury to a young Japanese Pagoda tree, or to the young twigs of a well-established tree. An appropriate selection as a lawn or street tree, this tree casts a light-textured shade that is also ideal for covering patios and outdoor recreation areas. However, one must be mindful of the litter from the petals, fruit and leaves.

Cultivars:
‘Columnaris’ (‘Fastigiata’)
‘Pendula’ - Used as an accent plant, this cultivar has a strongly weeping form with overarching, smooth green stems that are showy during the winter. However, it rarely flowers. Grows 15' to 25' tall.
‘Princeton Upright’
‘Regent’ - This cultivar possesses good symmetry with a straight trunk. A rapid grower in its youth, it blooms at an early age. The leaves are a glossy, dark green.
‘Variegata’

3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES


Caddo Maple
Acer saccharum 'Caddo'


Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 60
40 to 60
Slow to moderate
Sun to part shade
Inconspicuous
Winged seeds, developing in the spring
Dark green, turning brilliant red / orange / yellow in the fall


Sugar Maples are excellent shade trees that produce spectacular fall color. However, they are sensitive to heat, drought, and pollution. These maples require rich, welldrained soils, and respond poorly to soil compaction and salt. Fortunately for Oklahoma, a subspecies (believed to be an ecotype) of the Sugar Maple was discovered in the southwest part of the state that is specifically adapted to our hot summers and drying winds. This maple was named after its county of origin, the “Caddo Maple.” It is unique in that it can tolerate what other Maples cannot. However, unlike most trees, the Caddo Maple will respond negatively when overly maintained or irrigated. There are now cultivars of the Caddo maple that have been developed; ‘John Pair’ and ‘Autumn Splendor’.

Maples in general are noted for their spectacular fall color, and the Caddo is no exception. This large tree requires ample room to grow, and would best be suited to rural areas, golf courses, parks, and estates. Along with its beautiful rounded shape and impressive seasonal color, its dense canopy provides ample shade, and its durable wood and small fruits make the Caddo Maple a wonderful addition to the Oklahoma landscape. If the Caddo Maple is not available in local nurseries, other heat and drought-resistant sugar maples to consider are Acer saccharum ‘Legacy’ and ‘Green Mountain.’ Other notable Sugar Maples are Acer saccharum ‘October Glory’ and ‘Red Sunset.’ Also worth mentioning is the ‘Autumn Blaze’ maple for its fast growth and early fall color. It is a cross between the Silver Maple and Red Maple.


Hedge Maple
Acer campestre


3.1.1:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


30 to 50
20 to 30
Moderate
Sun to part shade
Not showy
Small winged seed
Deep dark green, yellow to yellow-brown


One of the best maples to plant in dry, alkaline soils, the Hedge Maple is a tough, adaptable tree with merit in the urban environment. Also tolerating soil compaction and air pollution, this is an excellent tree to plant in parking lots and as a street tree. Contributing to its value as a street and parking lot tree, the small winged fruits are not problematic, and are easily maintained. The Hedge Maple can be allowed to retain foliage to the ground, acting as its name implies, as a hedge. It is often limbed up to allow foot traffic beneath, and can be single-stemmed or multi-stemmed.

Comparatively speaking, the Hedge Maple has a relatively short service life of 30 years. Supplemental watering may be required during periods of drought, and unfortunately, this species may be difficult to find in nurseries. On the whole, this species has its place in Oklahoma’s urban landscape, and should be considered despite its availability issues.

Cultivars: ‘Compactum’, ‘Eastleigh Weeping’, ‘Fastigiatum’, 'Leprechaun’, 'Postelense’ - bright golden fall color, 'Pulverulentum’, Queen Elizabeth™, ‘Schwerinii’, 'Compactum' - a dwarf variety, 'Pulveratum' - variegated foliage


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES


Fruitless Mulberry
Morus alba'Fruitless'



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


30 to 40
25 to 35
Fast
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Female trees have small, edible fruits in summer that can be quite messy (recommend fruitless variety)
Olive green, yellow in fall


The Fruitless Mulberry is a tough landscape tree that will tolerate many urban conditions, such as poor soils, drought, and pH variations. However, this tree is known to have a few liabilities, and should be planted in locations to minimize these. This species has invasive roots that may surface, heave concrete, work their way into sewer lines, and compete with turf areas. Propagating by suckering at the base of the tree, this tree may also require pruning maintenance. Another concern is winter dieback; where anywhere from 25% to 50% of the ends of branches may die back in moderate to severe winters. This is especially prevalent in older trees.

The benefit of selecting the ‘Fruitless’ cultivar of the White Mulberry is to avoid messy fruits that may stain sidewalks or driveways and attract birds. The large, shiny leaves turn a lovely yellow in the fall, but tend to produce heavy leaf litter when dropped in the winter. The Fruitless Mulberry is often planted as a shade tree, or in rows as a screen because of its dense foliage. Because it produces heavy shade, turf grass is hard to grow under its canopy. This condition may result in exposed ground under the tree, which contributes to soil erosion.

Many cultivars of the White Mulberry exist, including an ornamental form of Weeping Mulberry. Overall, the Fruitless Mulberry needs careful consideration before locating it in an urban area. The right site will allow this tree to achieve its full potential as an attractive yet rugged shade tree.

Cultivars of the White Mulberry, Morus alba: ‘Bellaire’, ‘Chaparral’, 'Contorta’, ‘Fan-San’, 'Fegyvernekiana’, ‘Fruitless’, ‘Hampton’, ‘Illinois Everbearing’, ‘Itoguwa’, ‘Laciniata’, ‘Lingan’, ‘Mapleleaf’, ‘Nuclear Blast’, ‘Pendula’, ‘ Pyramidalis’, ‘Silk Hope’, ‘Stribling’ var. tatarica, 'Urbana’, ‘Widman Mitchell’


Sawtooth Oak
Quercus acutissima


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 50
30 to 40
Moderate to fast
Sun
Male and female on same tree (not showy)
Acorn, one inch in diameter, maturing in second season
Deep green, dull brown in fall


Reminiscent of a Chinese Chestnut, the leaves of the Sawtooth Oak are unique for the oak family. These elongated leaves have a sawtooth margin, hence the name. The leaves acquire no significant fall color, and remain on the tree through a long portion of the winter before dropping. This tree is one of the faster growing of its species, and is tolerant of a wide range of environmental factors, but is especially well adapted to the high alkalinity of Oklahoma's soils.

The Sawtooth Oak produces significant amounts of litter, such as dropping small branches and acorns on the ground. Its heavy fruit production limits the possibilities for the location of this oak in the urban environment; however, it would make a wonderful shade tree in a residential setting, park space or other open area.


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES


Osage Orange
Maclura pomifera


Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


40 to 50
20 to 40
Fast
Sun
Male and female on separate tree (not showy)
Large green ball (four to five inch diameter) dropping in fall (recommend planting male trees only)
Dark glossy green, bright yellow in fall


The Osage Orange is widely adaptable to different planting conditions, and will tolerate the poorest of soils and drought. Its wood is extremely strong and durable, and is resistant to pests, wind, ice and decay. A factor to consider in locating this tree in the landscape or urban setting is the fact that its roots grow shallow, often competing with turf and other plants. Because this tree will tolerate harsh conditions, a thornless male Osage Orange could be used as a street tree or planted in a location where turf will not be affected.

Often overlooked as a viable tree for urban areas because of its enormous fruits, the Osage Orange is a beautiful, hearty specimen. Also known as "Hedge Apple," the female Osage Orange produces messy, green sap-filled fruits that resemble an orange in size and texture. Thorns are another deterrent for using this tree in public areas. Fruitless and thornless cultivars, such as 'Pawhuska' and 'Chetopa' are available, and should be considered for the urban environment. Another thornless male cultivar, named 'Park' may develop small thorns in its adolescence that will disappear with age.

Cultivars: ‘Chetopa’, ‘Double O’ var. inermis, ‘Park’, ‘Pawhuska’, ‘White Shield’, ‘Wichita’


Russian Olive
Eleagnus angustifolia


3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES




Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 30
15 to 20
Moderate to fast
Sun
Fragrant, inconspicuous blooms in early summer
Hard, oval, silver-gray seedpods maturing in early fall
Light silvery-green, no fall color


The silver-green, willow-like foliage of the Russian Olive sets it apart from most plant material, and adds an unusual texture and color to the surrounding landscape. Along with the visual attributes of this tree, it exudes a wonderful fragrance when blooming. More importantly, this small to medium sized tree is one of the most durable for Central Oklahoma, withstanding extreme conditions with ease. Tolerating drying, forceful winds, salt, ice, drought, and poor soils, the Russian Olive can be successful in a wide range of conditions, as long as it receives plenty of sun. However, there are many weaknesses that qualify this tree for the “RECOMMENDED WITH RESERVATION” warning.

The Russian Olive has a tendency to sprout suckers at the base, often developing a dense shrub-like form. Pruning is essential in establishing the desired form in addition to controlling thorns and suckering. Some consider these suckers a maintenance nightmare, but when these lower branches are allowed to remain, this tree makes an excellent hedge or screen. It is often planted along highways where soil is compacted and often dry. Unfortunately, this tree is very often short-lived, and is susceptible to multiple diseases; such as leaf spots, cankers, rusts, verticillium wilt, crown gall, aphids, and scale. In fact, some states and municipalities prohibit planting a Russian Olive, and some even consider it a “weed” tree. It is mentioned as an option when the most rugged tree for the harshest of conditions is needed. Autumn Olive (Eleagnus umbellata) is a close relative that also may be considered for harsh sites. When selecting this tree, give special consideration to its disease susceptibility, longevity, aesthetics and maintenance requirements.

Cultivars: 'Cardinal' - has red fruit

3.1.2:MEDIUM DECIDUOUS TREES


Western Soapberry
Sapindus drummondii


Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


30 to 40
25 to 35
Moderate
Sun
Small clusters of cream-colored blooms (not showy)
Round yellow fruits, ½ inch diameter, hanging in clusters at leaf tips (may be mildly poisonous)
Medium green to yellow-green, bright gold in fall


An excellent tree with much merit, the Western Soapberry is an attractive yet durable tree for the urban environment. This species is found growing in a wide range of environments, from moisture rich areas such as riversides, dry watercourses and streambeds, to areas with limited moisture, such as canyon sides, foothills, uplands, pastures, and at the margins of woods. It will tolerate soils with high calcium, silt or clay content, as well as infertile soils with limited moisture.

With strong wood and a tall canopy, this tree makes an interesting specimen as a shade or patio tree. The fruits of this tree hang on the branches through the winter months, and are attractive despite their slight toxicity. Although these fruits are mildly poisonous, their bitter taste deters animals from eating them, and should not discourage their use in the urban setting. However, if planted near garden beds, this tree has been known to sucker or germinate from seed, creating a maintenance issue.

Consider its beautiful golden fall color, attractive fruits, umbrella-like form, and resistance to pests when selecting this tree. It should be planted more, but availability may be an issue. Overall, the Soapberry is an attractive addition that will add character to the landscape while thriving in a harsh urban environment.


Deciduous Holly
Ilex decidua


3.1.3:SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20
15
Moderate
Sun to shade
Inconspicuous
Bright, glossy red berries, single or in clusters, persisting after leaves have dropped (quite showy)
Dark glossy green, purple-bronze in early winter


The Deciduous Holly, also called "Possumhaw," displays a lovely yellow fall color, then defoliates to reveal clusters of berries, colored from yellow to orange to red. The berries persist on the tree throughout the winter, which attract many different species of birds. Although this plant can grow in full to partial sun, foliage growth is denser and fruit production is more abundant when it receives full sun. Berries are only produced on female trees; therefore, one male Deciduous Holly or male American Holly should be planted for every six female trees. Pruning encourages the production of new branches and berries, and can be successful throughout year, unlike other ornamental plants that require specific pruning schedules.

Depending on the design intent for this tree, pruning maintenance may be required to remove suckers from the base of the plant. When the suckers are allowed to remain, the Deciduous Holly may serve as a screen, hedge, border, or in mass planting. However, it is most commonly grown as a small tree with multiple trunks, making it suitable as a patio tree, specimen, or foundation plant. In addition to outstanding disease and pest resistance, the Deciduous Holly is extremely adaptive, and can be grown in almost any kind of soil--acid or alkaline, dry or damp. A recommended cultivar is 'Warren's Red' which produces an abundance of attractive red fruits.


3.1.3:SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES


Winterberry Euonymus
Euonymus bungeana


Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 20
10 to 12
Moderate
Sun
Yellow blooms in clusters (not showy)
Small yellow/white/pink fruits, opening to reveal orange seed coat, and remaining on the tree after the leaves have dropped
Medium yellow-green, pinkish red in fall


The Winterberry Euonymus has few pest or disease problems, and is tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. Especially adapted to poor soils and dry conditions, this plant is well suited for Oklahoma's proclivity toward drought, and harsh exposure. It is extremely pH adaptable, and is resistant to chlorosis. In addition, with moderately stout and durable wood, this tree can withstand forceful winds and bear the weight of ice.

An interesting small tree with unusual coloration, the Winterberry Euonymus has pinktinted fall foliage, and orange and pink fruits that may clash with the usual palette of fall colors. Making up for the inconspicuous blooms, the unique fruit is a four-lobed capsule with reddish-pink skin. As the capsules ripen, they split open to reveal the red coat of the exposed seed within. This fruit persists on the tree through fall and early winter, providing food for wildlife and color in the landscape longer than other deciduous trees, which have lost their leaves and fruit. The form of the tree can be rounded or weeping, depending on age and cultivar.

This tree may be used in almost all settings, however, it has a tendency to sucker and produce many seedlings, creating a real maintenance challenge. But with the proper maintenance and placement, it may be used for its attractive habit as a patio tree, a specimen plant, shrub border, windbreak, foundation plant, or in groupings or massings.

Cultivars: 'Pendula' - weeping branches, 'Sempervirens' - semi-evergreen foliage, 'Pink Lady' - abundant fruit, production, fruits remain after tree has defoliated in fall


Amur Maple
Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala


3.1.3:SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES



Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 20
15 to 18
Moderate
Sun to part shade
Cream-colored somewhat fragrant blooms in spring
Winged seeds, turning red / orange (fairly showy)
Medium green, red / orange in fall


An excellent tree for its many superior characteristics, the Amur Maple is most commonly seen as a multiple trunk specimen. Also available as a single-stemmed small tree or a multi-stemmed shrub, the Amur Maple can be used in above-ground planters, as a patio tree, a specimen plant, a screen when planted in groupings or massings, or sheared into a hedge.

Aesthetically, this tree provides interest in three of the four seasons. Spring brings a flush of red-stemmed new growth followed by the production of fragrant, yet inconspicuous, yellow flowers. Fruits of this tree can be very showy, maturing from green to red to brown in midsummer. Fall brings the coloration of the maple leaves in tones ranging from yellow to deep red.

Although the Amur Maple can be grown in partial shade, the best fall coloration develops only when planted in full sun. The mature form is rounded and compact, and adapts well to pruning. It will tolerate moderate drought and poor soil fertility, however it requires a welldrained soil. In addition, this species is sensitive to iron chlorosis in alkaline soils. Resistant to disease and pests, this tree is a relatively trouble-free and remarkable small tree.

Cultivars: ‘Compactum’ - small form growing from 8-12 ft. tall, ‘Durand Dwarf’, ‘Embers’ - bright red fruits and good red fall color, ‘Emerald Elf’, ‘Flame’ - deep red fall foliage, ‘Red Wing’ - red fruits and red fall color, Red Rhapsody™, ‘Summer Splendor’

3.1.3:SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES


Shantung Maple
Acer truncatum


Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


20 to 25
20 to 25
Moderate
Sun
Bright yellow blooms in early spring
Winged seed ripening in early summer
Lustrous dark green, yellow-orange / red in fall


The Shantung Maple, also called "Purpleblow Maple," is an outstanding small tree with glossy, dark green star shaped foliage that remains in good condition throughout the season. With attractive coloration, bark, and fruit, this tree is a low-maintenance specimen with much merit in the urban landscape. New stem growth may have a purplish cast, unlike those of the Norway Maple, which is often confused for this Chinese maple. Its dense canopy makes the Shantung Maple an excellent shade tree for a residential site. The fall color ranges from clear yellow to reddish purple.

Drought and reasonably cold tolerant, this tree is adaptable to most sites, providing there is proper soil drainage. It is becoming more commonly used in the Midwest because of its resistance to drought, heat and leaf scorch. It has been observed growing well in compacted, dry soils, and is considered a versatile and hardy maple. Its quality and adaptability make it an excellent tree in the urban setting as a shade tree used on small lawns, or used as a street tree.

Cultivars: Norwegian Sunset™ (‘Keithsform’), Pacific Sunset™ (‘Warrenred’)


Desert Willow
Chilopsis linearis


3.1.3:SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES




Mature Height (ft.):
Spread (ft.):
Growth Rate:
Exposure:
Flower:
Fruit:
Color:


15 to 30
15 to 25
Moderate
Sun
White to dark lavender (depending on cultivar)bell-shaped flowers appear on new growth from early summer throughout the growing season
Slender seed pods, four to eight inches in length
Silvery gray-green foliage


The Desert Willow is an exceptional tree with unusually colored silvery-green foliage that provides contrast in the landscape. With its long, slender leaves and weeping form, one might assume it is a member of the willow family, as the name implies. However, it is in the Bigonia family, and its delicately colored orchid-like flowers are the distinguishing characteristic. These large, fragrant, funnel-shaped flowers, with white-tipped petals and pink to purple throats, normally bloom from April to August. Their sweet fragrance and tubular form make them attractive to hummingbirds. The fruits, maturing in autumn, are long, brown, cigar-like pods. These pods contain numerous flat, tan-colored seeds and remain on the tree until spring.

The Desert Willow is resistant to most pests and disease; however, aphids may be a problem on new growth. This species is especially heat and drought tolerant, although is only moderately cold tolerant. A serious problem is winter dieback, which may affect the tree in moderate to severe winters. The Desert Willow may be grown as a large shrub, but is more commonly pruned as a single-trunk tree. It is also a useful windbreak, screen, or erosion control plant. Select good nursery stock, as this tree is very seedling variable.

Cultivars: 'Barronco' - upright form, 'Alba' - white blooms

OKPLANTtrees, a resource for community forestry in the state of Oklahoma.

Contact Information

Phone: (405) 744-6593
Email: lou.anella@okstate.edu