Glyptostrobus pensilis (Chinese Swamp Cypress)

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Overview

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Endangered





Common Names

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Common Names in English:
Chinese Swamp Cypress, Chinese Water Fir
Description

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Family Cupressaceae

Trees or shrubs evergreen , monoecious or dioecious. Leaves decussate or in whorls of 3, scalelike and then often dimorphic with flattened facial leaves and keeled lateral leaves, or needlelike particularly in juvenile plants , often with an abaxial resin gland . Pollen cones terminal or axillary , solitary, maturing and shed annually; microsporophylls 6-16, decussate or whorled , each bearing (2 or) 3-6(-9) pollen sacs ; pollen wingless. Seed cones usually terminal, solitary, globose , ovoid , or oblong , dehiscent or indehiscent when mature in 1st or 2nd(or 3rd) year; cone scales developing after ovules originate in bract axils; bracts almost completely enveloped by cone scales, free only at apex; ovules 1-numerous per bract axil, erect ; cone scales of mature cones 3-16, flat or peltate, woody, leathery, or succulent, 1-20-seeded. Seeds winged or not; wings derived from seed coat . Cotyledons usually 2, rarely 3-6. Germination epigeal.

Nineteen genera and ca. 125 species: worldwide; eight genera (one introduced ) and 46 species (16 endemic, 13 introduced) in China.[1]

Genus Glyptostrobus

Trees semievergreen, monoecious; winter buds small; branchlets dimorphic : perennial and annual ; perennial branchlets remaining green for several years, with white lines of stomatal dots, becoming ridged and grooved with decurrent leaf bases ; annual branchlets deciduous, short, never developing scars or buds. Leaves spirally arranged , sessile, trimorphic: leaves on main branches, perennial branchlets (after 1st year), and fertile branchlets radially spreading , scalelike, relatively thick (resembling leaves of Cupressus but spirally arranged), persistent for 2 or 3 years; leaves on annual branchlets of mature trees in 3 rows , radially spreading, subulate , quadrangular in cross section (resembling leaves of Cryptomeria), deciduous with branchlet as a unit ; leaves of annual branchlets of young trees and seedlings often 2-ranked, sessile, linear , flat, thin, deciduous (resembling leaves of Taxodium). Pollen cones terminal on short, erect branchlets bearing scalelike leaves, solitary, ellipsoid ; microsporophylls 15-20, spirally arranged, sessile; pollen sacs (2-) 5-7(-9). Seed cones terminal, shortly pedunculate , erect when mature, ± pyriform ; bracts of mature cones ± completely connate with cone scales (free only at apex), triangular, recurved, borne on central or middle distal part of abaxial side of cone scales; ovules 2 per bract axil; cone scales 20-22, spirally arranged, sessile, woody, basal scales sterile , median scales 2-seeded, with 6-10 triangular, acute teeth at distal margin, distal scales ligulate , multiangular, sterile. Seeds ellipsoid, slightly flattened, small, with a single, terminal, recurved wing. Cotyledons 4 or 5. Germination epigeal. 2n = 22*.

One species: China, extinct in the wild in N Vietnam.

A Tertiary relict species, the only surviving member of a genus formerly widespread prior to the Quaternary glaciations. Resembling the American genus Taxodium (which is introduced in China) in its vegetative characters, and occurring in similar habitats .[2]

Physical Description

Habit: Deciduous.

Size/Age/Growth

Size: 20-30' tall.

Habitat

Ecology: Swamp forest (Viet Nam).[3]


List of Habitats :1.6Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland 1.8Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp

Biology

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Growth

Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.8

Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Full Sun .

Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b. (map)

Taxonomy

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Domain: Eukaryota () - Whittaker & Margulis,1978 - eukaryotes
Kingdom: Plantae () - Haeckel, 1866 - Plants
Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae () - Cavalier-Smith, 1981
Phylum: Tracheophyta () - Sinnott, 1935 Ex Cavalier-Smith, 1998 - Vascular Plants
Subphylum: Euphyllophytina ()
Infraphylum: Radiatopses () - Kenrick & Crane, 1997
Class: Pinopsida ()
Order: Pinales ()
Family: Cupressaceae () - Richard Ex Bartling, 1830, Nom. Cons. - Cypress Family
Genus: Glyptostrobus () - Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 69. 1847.
Specific epithet: pensilis - K.Koch
Botanical name: - Glyptostrobus pensilis
Unambiguous Synonyms

Cuprespinnata heterophylla (Brongn.) J. Nelson
Cuprespinnata sinensis (Forbes) J. Nelson
Glyptostrobus aquaticus (Roxb.) R. Parker
Glyptostrobus heterophyllus (Brongn.) Endl.
Glyptostrobus sinensis A. Henry Ex Loder
Juniperus aquatica Roxb.
Sabina aquatica (Roxb.) Antoine
Taxodium japonicum Brongn.
Taxodium japonicum var. heterophyllum Brongn.
Thuja pensilis Staunton Ex D. Don
Notes

Publishing author : Endl. Publication : Syn. Conif. 70 (1847) Name Status: Accepted Name . Latest taxonomic scrutiny: Farjon A., 11-Jan-2006

Similar Species

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Members of the genus Glyptostrobus

There are approximately 15 species in this genus:

G. brookensis · G. columnaris · G. comoxensis · G. dakotensis · G. europaa · G. europaeus · G. gracillimus · G. heterophyllus · G. horsfieldii · G. nordenskioldi · G. nordenskioldii · G. oregonensis · G. pensilis (Chinese Swamp Cypress) · G. pensilis 'Wooly Mammoth' · G. ungeri

More Info

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Further Reading

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Biochemical systematics [by] Ralph E. Alston [and] B. L. Turner. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall[1963] ENG url p. 220.
Chinh, N.N. et al. 1996. Vietnam forest trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi.
Farjon, A. and Page, C.N. (compilers) 1999. Conifers. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Conifer Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Farjon, A., Page, C.N. and Schellevis, N. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326.
Hilton-Taylor, C. (compiler). 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Judd, Campbell, Kellog & Donoghue: Plant Systematics, a phylogenetic approach
Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellog, E.A. & Donoghue, M.J. (2002): Plant Systematics: a phylogenetic approach, Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
Li-kuo, F. and Jian-ming, J. (eds) 1992. China Plant Red Data Book – Rare and Endangered Plants 1. Science Press, Beijing.
Loc, Phan Ke. 1986. Lists of rare and endangered plant species of Vietnam (1986-1988) (unpublished).
Mill, R.R. 1994. Annotations to Conifers - taxa listed on BG-BASE - status report as of 2 February 1994.
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. 1996. Sach do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat. Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi.
Nguyen Duc To Luu and Thomas, P.I. 2004. Conifers of Vietnam. World Press, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. and MacKinven, A. (compilers) 1998. The World List of Threatened Trees. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.
Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. (eds). 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. IUCN - The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Westing, A. and Westing, C. Endangered species of Viet Nam (unpublished).
Zhang, S. and Xu, S.J. 1997. Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton) Koch, 1873. (in German, ill., map). Enzyklopedie der Holzgewächse III-1(7): 1–8. Ecomed Verlag, Landsberg am Lech.
Wang Wen-tsai, Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo & Chu Cheng-de. 1978. Cupressaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 313-398.
Tsui Hung-pin, Cheng Wan-chün, Fu Li-kuo & Chao Chi-son. 1978. Taxodiaceae. In: Cheng Wan-chün & Fu Li-kuo, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 7: 281-312.
Notes

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Contributors

Bisby, F.A., Y.R. Roskov, M.A. Ruggiero, T.M. Orrell, L.E. Paglinawan, P.W. Brewer, N. Bailly, J. van Hertum, eds (2007). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual Checklist. Species 2000: Reading, U.K.
Brands, S.J. (comp.) 1989-2006. Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Accessed April 19, 2007.
Conifer Database 2006.
Farjon, A., Thomas, P. & Nguyen Duc To Luu 2006. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed November 16, 2007. http://www.gbif.org Mediated distribution data from provider.
Data Sources

Accessed through GBIF Data Portal November 24, 2007:


Marine Science Institute, UCSB, Paleobiology Database
Identifiers

Biodiversity Heritage Library NamebankID: 3497469
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxonkey: 14706087
Globally Unique Identifier: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262131-1
International Plant Names Index (IPNI) ID: 262131-1
IUCN ID: 32312
Zipcode Zoo Species Identifier: 648351
Footnotes

Liguo Fu, Yong-fu Yu, Robert P. Adams & Aljos Farjon "Cupressaceae". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 62. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
"Glyptostrobus". in Flora of China Vol. 4 Page 57. Published by Science Press (Beijing) and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Online at EFloras.org. [back]
Farjon, A., Thomas, P. & Nguyen Duc To Luu 2006. In IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCNRedList.org. Downloaded July 19, 2008.

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